background: an important part of one's information from surrounding environment comes through olfactory system. so its disorders regardless of the reason can lead to many problems. an appropriate diagnostic smell test is needed to determine the normal range of olfactory sense, to evaluate patient's complaints and to determine the severity of the problem. it is also helpful in follow- up and cho...

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that's triggered by a terrifying event - either experiencing it or witnessing it. In addition to the relationship between PTSD and neuroinflammation, research indicates that olfactory bulb are effective in anxiety disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the electrophysiological activity of olfactory bulb in the animal mod...

The article reviews the historical background and symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and olfactory reference disorder, and describes the proposals of the WHO ICD-11 Working Group on the Classification of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders related to these categories. This paper examines the possible classification of BDD symptoms in ICD-10. Four different possible diagnoses are ...

OBJECTIVE Some patients with bipolar disorder experience mood episodes following emotional life events, whereas others do not. There is evidence that orbitofrontal hypoactivity may be related to this, because the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in the regulation of emotional and behavioural responses to external events. The close anatomical and functional connection between the orbitofrontal c...

OBJECTIVE The authors examined the feasibility of using olfactory receptor neurons from living patients to test whether calcium signaling is altered in a neuronal cell population in bipolar disorder. METHOD Ratiometric fluorescence photomicroscopy was used to assess basal and stimulus-induced changes in intracellular calcium levels in biopsy-derived olfactory receptor neurons from seven euthy...

When the results of the standard olfactory acuity test assigned to about 8,000 patients with dysosmia, who visited our olfactory outpatient clinic of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of Showa University Hospital, were analyzed, it was found that a difference in olfactory acuity loss between recognition threshold and detection threshold was over 1.0 in many of them. Since normal Subjects sh...

Atypical olfactory function in autism spectrum disorder has been documented numerous studies, but little is known about its occurrence individuals with autistic traits. The aim of the current study was to investigate odor identification ability and hedonic capacity children We recruited 415 measured their traits by Short Autism Spectrum Quotient. Universal Sniff (U-Sniff) test used measure capa...